REKONSTRUKSI JALUR PELAYARAN KAPAL-KAPAL EROPA ABAD KE-16 HINGGA ABAD KE-17 Di KEPULAUAN MALUKU (Reconstruction of the European Ship Routes in the 16th to 17th Century in Maluku Archipelago)
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Abstract
The issue of the Spice Routes recently been widely discussed by experts and practitioners of cultural heritage and history in Indonesia and some European countries. During this time there have been many discussions about the process of Europeans explorers voyages for spices in the 16th century, or the locations and types of spices that were popular at the time, or the efficacy of the spices themselves. Most concluded that spices were the most sought is cloves and nutmeg from the Maluku Islands. However, there has not been much concrete discussion about the Spice Routes regarding the path itself. Therefore, this paper tries to reconstruct the sailing lanes of European ships in the Maluku Islands. With the historical archaeology approach that is used, can provide a description of the sailing trails that are passed by ships belong to Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch, based on the existence of their forts or strongholds scattered in the Maluku Islands. The European ships choose their respective sailing lines, which were influenced by various factors, one of which is politics. This descriptions of the European ships sailing lanes can at least contribute to the discourse on the Spice Routes.
ABSTRAK
Isu mengenai Jalur Rempah sebagai Warisan Budaya Dunia akhir-akhir ini sangat santer dibicarakan oleh para pakar dan praktisi warisan budaya dan sejarah di Indonesia dan beberapa negara-negara Eropa. Selama ini banyak sekali pembahasan tentang proses perjalanan orang-orang Eropa mencari rempah pada abad ke-16, atau lokasi-lokasi dan jenis-jenis rempah yang populer saat itu, dan atau khasiat rempah itu sendiri. Hampir sebagian besar menyimpulkan bahwa rempah yang paling dicari adalah cengkih dan pala yang berasal dari Kepulauan Maluku. Namun belum banyak pembahasan Jalur Rempah yang cukup kongkrit mengenai jalur itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini mencoba rekonstruksi jalur pelayaran kapal-kapal Eropa di Kepulauan Maluku. Dengan pendekatan arkeologi kesejarahan yang digunakan, paling tidak dapat memberikan gambaran jalur-jalur pelayaran yang dilewati oleh kapal-kapal milik Portugis, Spanyol, dan Belanda, berdasarkan keberadaan benteng-benteng mereka yang tersebar di Kepulauan Maluku. Kapal-kapal Eropa tersebut memilih jalur pelayarannya masing-masing, yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor salah satunya adalah politik. Gambaran mengenai jalur pelayaran kapalkapal Eropa tersebut paling tidak dapat memberi kontribusi dalam wacana jalur rempah tersebut.
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